{
 "record_id": "CW-1992-0006",
 "status": "current",
 "merged_id": "CWC-0341",
 "alias_merged_ids": [
  "CWC-0591"
 ],
 "display_title": "Bhagwan Singh and Another v. State of Punjab; Uttam Chand v. State of Punjab",
 "display_title_redacted": "Bhagwan Singh and Another v. State of Punjab; Uttam Chand v. State of Punjab",
 "state": "Punjab",
 "district": "Amritsar",
 "district_at_time": null,
 "city_town": "Amritsar",
 "police_station_or_unit": "CIA Staff, Amritsar",
 "court": "Supreme Court of India",
 "court_as_verified": "Supreme Court of India",
 "bench": null,
 "case_title": "Bhagwan Singh and Another v. State of Punjab; Uttam Chand v. State of Punjab",
 "case_number": "Criminal Appeal Nos. 388 and 666 of 1981",
 "citation": "1992 SCC (3) 249; AIR 1992 SC 1689",
 "judges": [
  "K. Jayachandra Reddy",
  "R. C. Patnaik"
 ],
 "judgment_date": "1992-05-08",
 "date_precision": "day",
 "judgment_year": 1992,
 "incident_date": "1978-08-06",
 "incident_year": 1978,
 "category": "Custodial death",
 "admin_category": "brutality",
 "admin_subcategory": "custodial_death",
 "subcategory": "custodial_death",
 "subcategory_display": "custodial death",
 "protest_override_heuristic": false,
 "outcome_type": "conviction_upheld",
 "sections": [
  "IPC 302",
  "IPC 34",
  "IPC 201",
  "IPC 325",
  "IPC 323",
  "IPC 365"
 ],
 "officers": [
  {
   "name": "Bhagwan Singh",
   "rank": "Head Constable",
   "unit": "CIA Staff, Amritsar",
   "role": "convicted",
   "publish_grade": "named_safe",
   "gate_reasons": [],
   "ledger_role": "convicted",
   "key2": "yes",
   "key2_agy": null,
   "key2_claude": null,
   "key2_union": "yes",
   "key2_gemapi": null,
   "key2_openrouter": "yes",
   "key2_gpt56": null,
   "grok": null,
   "jev_risk": 0.07,
   "jev_p_culpable": 0.93,
   "key2_gpt": null,
   "later_outcome": "none_found",
   "name_public": "Bhagwan Singh",
   "display": "Bhagwan Singh (Head Constable)"
  },
  {
   "name": "Mukhtiar Singh",
   "rank": "Head Constable",
   "unit": "CIA Staff, Amritsar",
   "role": "convicted",
   "publish_grade": "named_safe",
   "gate_reasons": [],
   "ledger_role": "convicted",
   "key2": "yes",
   "key2_agy": null,
   "key2_claude": null,
   "key2_union": "yes",
   "key2_gemapi": null,
   "key2_openrouter": "yes",
   "key2_gpt56": null,
   "grok": null,
   "jev_risk": 0.1,
   "jev_p_culpable": 0.86,
   "key2_gpt": null,
   "later_outcome": "none_found",
   "name_public": "Mukhtiar Singh",
   "display": "Mukhtiar Singh (Head Constable)"
  },
  {
   "name": "Uttam Chand",
   "rank": "Constable",
   "unit": "CIA Staff, Amritsar",
   "role": "convicted",
   "publish_grade": "named_safe",
   "gate_reasons": [],
   "ledger_role": "convicted",
   "key2": "yes",
   "key2_agy": null,
   "key2_claude": null,
   "key2_union": "yes",
   "key2_gemapi": null,
   "key2_openrouter": "yes",
   "key2_gpt56": null,
   "grok": null,
   "jev_risk": 0.51,
   "jev_p_culpable": 0.74,
   "key2_gpt": null,
   "later_outcome": "none_found",
   "name_public": "Uttam Chand",
   "display": "Uttam Chand (Constable)"
  },
  {
   "name": "Joginder Singh",
   "rank": "Assistant Sub-Inspector",
   "unit": "CIA Staff, Amritsar",
   "role": "convicted",
   "publish_grade": "named_safe",
   "gate_reasons": [
    "key2:no(overruled by grok)"
   ],
   "ledger_role": "convicted",
   "key2": "no",
   "key2_agy": null,
   "key2_claude": null,
   "key2_union": "yes",
   "key2_gemapi": null,
   "key2_openrouter": "yes",
   "key2_gpt56": null,
   "grok": "yes",
   "jev_risk": 0.12,
   "jev_p_culpable": 0.81,
   "key2_gpt": null,
   "later_outcome": "none_found",
   "name_public": "Joginder Singh",
   "display": "Joginder Singh (Assistant Sub-Inspector)"
  }
 ],
 "officer_count": 4,
 "victims": [
  {
   "name": null,
   "age": null,
   "gender": null,
   "descriptor": "Amritsar resident"
  },
  {
   "name": null,
   "age": null,
   "gender": null,
   "descriptor": "Amritsar resident"
  },
  {
   "name": null,
   "age": null,
   "gender": null,
   "descriptor": "Amritsar resident"
  },
  {
   "name": null,
   "age": null,
   "gender": null,
   "descriptor": "Amritsar resident"
  }
 ],
 "victims_redacted": null,
 "anonymised": false,
 "victim_count": 4,
 "sentence_type": "mixed",
 "sentence_max_years": null,
 "compensation_inr": null,
 "force": "state_police",
 "primary_source_url": "https://www.advocatekhoj.com/library/judgments/index.php?go=1992/may/bhagwan-singh-anr-vs-state-of-punjab-7",
 "secondary_sources": [
  "https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/5609ac6ee4b014971140edbe",
  "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/654412/"
 ],
 "summary": "The Supreme Court dismissed the appeals of Amritsar CIA Staff policemen and upheld the High Court's convictions for abducting a narcotics suspect and three witnesses from a hotel on 6 August 1978, torturing them in the CIA Staff Room, murdering the suspect and disposing of his body so it was never recovered. The Court held that the trial court's near-acquittal was rightly reversed on the State's appeal, sustaining murder convictions against the ASI (whose appeal later abated on his death) and two Head Constables, and convictions under sections 201, 365, 325/34 and 323/34 against all four. The Court found the circumstances led to an irresistible inference that the policemen who caused the death also caused the disappearance of the body. Sentences, including life terms and a fine payable to the widow, were to run concurrently. Matters not addressed in the cited judgment text are not recorded here.",
 "summary_verified": "The Supreme Court dismissed the appeals of Amritsar CIA Staff policemen and upheld the High Court's convictions for abducting a narcotics suspect and three witnesses from a hotel on 6 August 1978, torturing them in the CIA Staff Room, murdering the suspect and disposing of his body so it was never recovered. The Court held that the trial court's near-acquittal was rightly reversed on the State's appeal, sustaining murder convictions against the ASI (whose appeal later abated on his death) and two Head Constables, and convictions under sections 201, 365, 325/34 and 323/34 against all four. The Court found the circumstances led to an irresistible inference that the policemen who caused the death also caused the disappearance of the body. Sentences, including life terms and a fine payable to the widow, were to run concurrently.",
 "court_quote": "Torturing a person and using third degree methods are of medieval nature and they are barbaric and contrary to law.",
 "court_quote_para": "n/a",
 "confidence": "high",
 "verdict": "accept",
 "verdict_note": "SC dismissed appeals; upheld HC murder/evidence-destruction convictions of CIA Staff police; recategorised custodial_death.",
 "verification_status": "V2",
 "verification_badge": "V2 · Externally reported",
 "tier_badge": "Externally reported",
 "tier": "Tier A — Externally reported or officially recorded",
 "tier_history": [
  "Tier A — Externally reported or officially recorded"
 ],
 "allegations": [
  {
   "category": "Custodial death",
   "primary": true,
   "position": "Material fact supported",
   "position_explainer": "Reliable material supports a specifically documented fact relevant to that allegation, not necessarily the full allegation, causation, intent, unlawfulness, or responsibility.",
   "official_finding_relation": "supports allegation"
  }
 ],
 "institutional_response": [
  {
   "date": null,
   "action_type": "Conviction",
   "status": "Concluded",
   "authority": "Trial court (as recorded in the Supreme Court of India judgment)",
   "independence": "External",
   "legal_effect": "Binding",
   "description": "The trial court convicted the accused police personnel, as recorded in the Supreme Court of India judgment.",
   "disposition": "Conviction · Supports allegation",
   "source": "1992 SCC (3) 249; AIR 1992 SC 1689",
   "recheck": "Not yet re-checked."
  },
  {
   "date": "1992-05-08",
   "action_type": "Order issued",
   "status": "Concluded",
   "authority": "Supreme Court of India",
   "independence": "External",
   "legal_effect": "Binding",
   "description": "The Supreme Court of India dismissed the appeal and upheld the convictions of police personnel.",
   "disposition": "Conviction · Supports allegation (appellate affirmance; trial conviction separate card)",
   "source": "1992 SCC (3) 249; AIR 1992 SC 1689",
   "recheck": "Not yet re-checked."
  }
 ],
 "later_proceedings": [],
 "final_outcome_url": null,
 "followup_history": [
  {
   "date": "2026-09-19",
   "scope": "Round-8 full re-verification: published record re-checked against the judgment text (outcome, officers, quote, key facts) plus methodology-compliance pass",
   "method": "skills-guided adversarial re-verification of the published record against the judgment text (reverify/t1-*/adversarial-8.jsonl)",
   "result": "holds",
   "corrections_applied": []
  }
 ],
 "followup_status": "checked",
 "last_checked": "2026-09-19",
 "link_checked_per_url": [
  {
   "url": "https://www.advocatekhoj.com/library/judgments/index.php?go=1992/may/bhagwan-singh-anr-vs-state-of-punjab-7",
   "link_checked": null
  },
  {
   "url": "https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/5609ac6ee4b014971140edbe",
   "link_checked": null
  },
  {
   "url": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/654412/",
   "link_checked": null
  }
 ],
 "source_assessment": {
  "established": null,
  "basis": null
 },
 "v3_basis": null,
 "publication_basis": null,
 "reviews": [],
 "retracted": {
  "is_retracted": false
 },
 "fidelity_checked": true,
 "verified_by": [
  "chunk-30",
  "chunk-40"
 ],
 "merged_case_id": "SUPREM-026",
 "officers_named_public": 4,
 "record_flag": null,
 "service": "police",
 "watch": "babuwatch"
}