{
 "record_id": "CW-1994-0004",
 "status": "current",
 "merged_id": "CWC-0711",
 "alias_merged_ids": [],
 "display_title": "Ladowal Man vs State of Punjab and Others",
 "display_title_redacted": "Ladowal Man vs State of Punjab and Others",
 "state": "Punjab",
 "district": "Ludhiana",
 "district_at_time": null,
 "city_town": "Ladowal",
 "police_station_or_unit": "Police Chowki Ladowal",
 "court": "Punjab and Haryana High Court",
 "court_as_verified": "Punjab and Haryana High Court",
 "bench": null,
 "case_title": "Ladowal Man vs State of Punjab and Others",
 "case_number": null,
 "citation": "1996 ACJ 193; (1995) 109 PLR 117",
 "judges": [
  "S. P. Kurdukar",
  "H. S. Bedi"
 ],
 "judgment_date": "1994-05-03",
 "date_precision": "day",
 "judgment_year": 1994,
 "incident_date": "1991-08-17",
 "incident_year": 1991,
 "category": "Custodial death",
 "admin_category": "brutality",
 "admin_subcategory": "custodial_death",
 "subcategory": "custodial_death",
 "subcategory_display": "custodial death",
 "protest_override_heuristic": false,
 "outcome_type": "adverse_finding_compensation",
 "sections": [],
 "officers": [
  {
   "name": null,
   "rank": "Head Constable",
   "unit": "Police Chowki Ladowal, Ludhiana",
   "publish_grade": "unnamed",
   "gate_reasons": [
    "ledger:no_row",
    "key2:no_row"
   ],
   "ledger_role": null,
   "key2": null,
   "key2_agy": null,
   "key2_claude": null,
   "key2_union": null,
   "key2_gemapi": null,
   "key2_openrouter": null,
   "key2_gpt56": null,
   "grok": null,
   "jev_risk": null,
   "jev_p_culpable": null,
   "key2_gpt": null,
   "later_outcome": null,
   "name_public": null,
   "display": "Head Constable, Police Chowki Ladowal, Ludhiana"
  },
  {
   "name": null,
   "rank": "Head Constable (Munshi)",
   "unit": "Police Chowki Ladowal, Ludhiana",
   "publish_grade": "unnamed",
   "gate_reasons": [
    "ledger:no_row",
    "key2:no_row"
   ],
   "ledger_role": null,
   "key2": null,
   "key2_agy": null,
   "key2_claude": null,
   "key2_union": null,
   "key2_gemapi": null,
   "key2_openrouter": null,
   "key2_gpt56": null,
   "grok": null,
   "jev_risk": null,
   "jev_p_culpable": null,
   "key2_gpt": null,
   "later_outcome": null,
   "name_public": null,
   "display": "Head Constable (Munshi), Police Chowki Ladowal, Ludhiana"
  },
  {
   "name": null,
   "rank": "Constable",
   "unit": "Police Chowki Ladowal, Ludhiana",
   "publish_grade": "unnamed",
   "gate_reasons": [
    "ledger:no_row",
    "key2:no_row"
   ],
   "ledger_role": null,
   "key2": null,
   "key2_agy": null,
   "key2_claude": null,
   "key2_union": null,
   "key2_gemapi": null,
   "key2_openrouter": null,
   "key2_gpt56": null,
   "grok": null,
   "jev_risk": null,
   "jev_p_culpable": null,
   "key2_gpt": null,
   "later_outcome": null,
   "name_public": null,
   "display": "Constable, Police Chowki Ladowal, Ludhiana"
  },
  {
   "name": null,
   "rank": "Punjab Home Guard",
   "unit": "Police Chowki Ladowal, Ludhiana",
   "publish_grade": "unnamed",
   "gate_reasons": [
    "ledger:no_row",
    "key2:no_row"
   ],
   "ledger_role": null,
   "key2": null,
   "key2_agy": null,
   "key2_claude": null,
   "key2_union": null,
   "key2_gemapi": null,
   "key2_openrouter": null,
   "key2_gpt56": null,
   "grok": null,
   "jev_risk": null,
   "jev_p_culpable": null,
   "key2_gpt": null,
   "later_outcome": null,
   "name_public": null,
   "display": "Punjab Home Guard, Police Chowki Ladowal, Ludhiana"
  },
  {
   "name": null,
   "rank": "Head Constable",
   "unit": "Police Chowki Ladowal, Ludhiana",
   "publish_grade": "unnamed",
   "gate_reasons": [
    "ledger:no_row",
    "key2:no_row"
   ],
   "ledger_role": null,
   "key2": null,
   "key2_agy": null,
   "key2_claude": null,
   "key2_union": null,
   "key2_gemapi": null,
   "key2_openrouter": null,
   "key2_gpt56": null,
   "grok": null,
   "jev_risk": null,
   "jev_p_culpable": null,
   "key2_gpt": null,
   "later_outcome": null,
   "name_public": null,
   "display": "Head Constable, Police Chowki Ladowal, Ludhiana"
  },
  {
   "name": null,
   "rank": "Constable",
   "unit": "Police Chowki Ladowal, Ludhiana",
   "publish_grade": "unnamed",
   "gate_reasons": [
    "ledger:no_row",
    "key2:no_row"
   ],
   "ledger_role": null,
   "key2": null,
   "key2_agy": null,
   "key2_claude": null,
   "key2_union": null,
   "key2_gemapi": null,
   "key2_openrouter": null,
   "key2_gpt56": null,
   "grok": null,
   "jev_risk": null,
   "jev_p_culpable": null,
   "key2_gpt": null,
   "later_outcome": null,
   "name_public": null,
   "display": "Constable, Police Chowki Ladowal, Ludhiana"
  },
  {
   "name": null,
   "rank": "Sub-Inspector",
   "unit": "Police Chowki Ladowal, Ludhiana",
   "publish_grade": "unnamed",
   "gate_reasons": [
    "ledger:no_row",
    "key2:no_row"
   ],
   "ledger_role": null,
   "key2": null,
   "key2_agy": null,
   "key2_claude": null,
   "key2_union": null,
   "key2_gemapi": null,
   "key2_openrouter": null,
   "key2_gpt56": null,
   "grok": null,
   "jev_risk": null,
   "jev_p_culpable": null,
   "key2_gpt": null,
   "later_outcome": null,
   "name_public": null,
   "display": "Sub-Inspector, Police Chowki Ladowal, Ludhiana"
  }
 ],
 "officer_count": 7,
 "victims": [
  {
   "name": null,
   "age": 42,
   "gender": "male",
   "descriptor": "Ladowal man, age 42"
  }
 ],
 "victims_redacted": null,
 "anonymised": false,
 "victim_count": 1,
 "sentence_type": "compensation_only",
 "sentence_max_years": null,
 "compensation_inr": 150000,
 "force": "state_police",
 "primary_source_url": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1814190/",
 "secondary_sources": [],
 "summary": "A Ladowal man, an agricultural labourer and milk vendor, was picked up on 16 August 1991 by six personnel of Police Chowki Ladowal and found dead in custody on the morning of 17 August 1991. The State admitted the death in custody but offered shifting explanations of snake-bite, vasovagal shock and chronic asthma, and produced an affidavit from the widow stating she wanted no action. The Division Bench rejected the explanations, holding the custodian must account for a death in custody and that, the explanation being unacceptable, the inference must follow that it was a custodial death, not a natural death. The Court accepted the writ and awarded Rs.1,50,000 in full and final satisfaction, Rs.50,000 withdrawable by the widow and the balance in FDRs for the three minor children. Matters not addressed in the cited judgment text are not recorded here.",
 "summary_verified": "A Ladowal man, an agricultural labourer and milk vendor, was picked up on 16 August 1991 by six personnel of Police Chowki Ladowal and found dead in custody on the morning of 17 August 1991. The State admitted the death in custody but offered shifting explanations of snake-bite, vasovagal shock and chronic asthma, and produced an affidavit from the widow stating she wanted no action. The Division Bench rejected the explanations, holding the custodian must account for a death in custody and that, the explanation being unacceptable, the inference must follow that it was a custodial death, not a natural death. The Court accepted the writ and awarded Rs.1,50,000 in full and final satisfaction, Rs.50,000 withdrawable by the widow and the balance in FDRs for the three minor children.",
 "court_quote": "We accordingly conclude that the death of a Ladowal man is a custodial death of which the respondents could not give satisfactory explanation.",
 "court_quote_para": null,
 "confidence": "high",
 "verdict": "accept",
 "verdict_note": "DB held unexplained death in custody is custodial death; Rs.1,50,000 compensation awarded.",
 "verification_status": "V2",
 "verification_badge": "V2 · Externally reported",
 "tier_badge": "Externally reported",
 "tier": "Tier A — Externally reported or officially recorded",
 "tier_history": [
  "Tier A — Externally reported or officially recorded"
 ],
 "allegations": [
  {
   "category": "Custodial death",
   "primary": true,
   "position": "Material fact supported",
   "position_explainer": "Reliable material supports a specifically documented fact relevant to that allegation, not necessarily the full allegation, causation, intent, unlawfulness, or responsibility.",
   "official_finding_relation": "supports allegation"
  }
 ],
 "institutional_response": [
  {
   "date": "1994-05-03",
   "action_type": "Order issued",
   "status": "Concluded",
   "authority": "Punjab and Haryana High Court",
   "independence": "External",
   "legal_effect": "Binding",
   "description": "The Punjab and Haryana High Court recorded adverse findings against police personnel and ordered Rs 150,000.",
   "disposition": "Compensation ordered · Supports allegation (for the compensated wrong only)",
   "source": "1996 ACJ 193; (1995) 109 PLR 117",
   "recheck": "Not yet re-checked."
  }
 ],
 "later_proceedings": [],
 "final_outcome_url": null,
 "followup_history": [
  {
   "date": "2026-09-19",
   "scope": "Round-8 full re-verification: published record re-checked against the judgment text (outcome, officers, quote, key facts) plus methodology-compliance pass",
   "method": "skills-guided adversarial re-verification of the published record against the judgment text (reverify/t1-*/adversarial-8.jsonl)",
   "result": "holds",
   "corrections_applied": []
  }
 ],
 "followup_status": "checked",
 "last_checked": "2026-09-19",
 "link_checked_per_url": [
  {
   "url": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1814190/",
   "link_checked": null
  }
 ],
 "source_assessment": {
  "established": null,
  "basis": null
 },
 "v3_basis": null,
 "publication_basis": null,
 "reviews": [],
 "retracted": {
  "is_retracted": false
 },
 "fidelity_checked": false,
 "verified_by": [
  "chunk-51"
 ],
 "merged_case_id": "GAP8-006",
 "officers_named_public": 0,
 "record_flag": null,
 "service": "police",
 "watch": "babuwatch"
}