{
 "record_id": "CW-1995-0007",
 "status": "current",
 "merged_id": "CWC-0532",
 "alias_merged_ids": [],
 "display_title": "Ludhiana Man v. State of Punjab",
 "display_title_redacted": "Ludhiana Man v. State of Punjab",
 "state": "Punjab",
 "district": "Ludhiana",
 "district_at_time": null,
 "city_town": "Ludhiana",
 "police_station_or_unit": "PS Focal Point / PS Kotwali, Ludhiana",
 "court": "Punjab and Haryana High Court",
 "court_as_verified": "Punjab and Haryana High Court",
 "bench": null,
 "case_title": "Ludhiana Man v. State of Punjab",
 "case_number": "Crl. Misc. No. 3052-M of 1994 and connected",
 "citation": "1996 CriLJ 1037",
 "judges": [
  "V. K. Jhanji"
 ],
 "judgment_date": "1995-09-14",
 "date_precision": "day",
 "judgment_year": 1995,
 "incident_date": "1994-03-15",
 "incident_year": 1994,
 "category": "Other",
 "admin_category": "brutality",
 "admin_subcategory": "enforced_disappearance",
 "subcategory": "enforced_disappearance",
 "subcategory_display": "enforced disappearance",
 "protest_override_heuristic": false,
 "outcome_type": "adverse_finding_compensation",
 "sections": [],
 "officers": [
  {
   "name": null,
   "rank": "Senior Superintendent of Police, Ludhiana",
   "unit": "Punjab Police",
   "role": "named_only",
   "publish_grade": "unnamed",
   "gate_reasons": [
    "ledger:no_row",
    "key2:no",
    "key2_union:unclear",
    "key2_openrouter:no"
   ],
   "ledger_role": null,
   "key2": "no",
   "key2_agy": null,
   "key2_claude": null,
   "key2_union": "unclear",
   "key2_gemapi": null,
   "key2_openrouter": "no",
   "key2_gpt56": null,
   "grok": null,
   "jev_risk": null,
   "jev_p_culpable": null,
   "key2_gpt": null,
   "later_outcome": null,
   "name_public": null,
   "display": "Senior Superintendent of Police, Ludhiana, Punjab Police"
  },
  {
   "name": null,
   "rank": "Superintendent of Police",
   "unit": "Punjab Police",
   "role": "named_only",
   "publish_grade": "unnamed",
   "gate_reasons": [
    "key2:no",
    "key2_union:unclear",
    "key2_openrouter:no"
   ],
   "ledger_role": "held_liable",
   "key2": "no",
   "key2_agy": null,
   "key2_claude": null,
   "key2_union": "unclear",
   "key2_gemapi": null,
   "key2_openrouter": "no",
   "key2_gpt56": null,
   "grok": null,
   "jev_risk": 0.1,
   "jev_p_culpable": 0.85,
   "key2_gpt": null,
   "later_outcome": "none_found",
   "name_public": null,
   "display": "Superintendent of Police, Punjab Police"
  },
  {
   "name": null,
   "rank": "Station House Officer, PS Kotwali",
   "unit": "Ludhiana Police",
   "role": "named_only",
   "publish_grade": "unnamed",
   "gate_reasons": [
    "ledger:no_row",
    "key2:no",
    "key2_union:unclear",
    "key2_openrouter:no"
   ],
   "ledger_role": null,
   "key2": "no",
   "key2_agy": null,
   "key2_claude": null,
   "key2_union": "unclear",
   "key2_gemapi": null,
   "key2_openrouter": "no",
   "key2_gpt56": null,
   "grok": null,
   "jev_risk": null,
   "jev_p_culpable": null,
   "key2_gpt": null,
   "later_outcome": null,
   "name_public": null,
   "display": "Station House Officer, PS Kotwali, Ludhiana Police"
  },
  {
   "name": null,
   "rank": "Station House Officer, PS Focal Point",
   "unit": "Ludhiana Police",
   "role": "named_only",
   "publish_grade": "unnamed",
   "gate_reasons": [
    "key2:no",
    "key2_openrouter:no"
   ],
   "ledger_role": "held_liable",
   "key2": "no",
   "key2_agy": null,
   "key2_claude": null,
   "key2_union": "yes",
   "key2_gemapi": null,
   "key2_openrouter": "no",
   "key2_gpt56": null,
   "grok": "no",
   "jev_risk": 0.12,
   "jev_p_culpable": 0.84,
   "key2_gpt": null,
   "later_outcome": "none_found",
   "name_public": null,
   "display": "Station House Officer, PS Focal Point, Ludhiana Police"
  }
 ],
 "officer_count": 4,
 "victims": [
  {
   "name": null,
   "age": null,
   "gender": "male",
   "descriptor": "Ludhiana man"
  },
  {
   "name": null,
   "age": null,
   "gender": "male",
   "descriptor": "Ludhiana man"
  },
  {
   "name": null,
   "age": null,
   "gender": "male",
   "descriptor": "Ludhiana man"
  }
 ],
 "victims_redacted": null,
 "anonymised": false,
 "victim_count": 3,
 "sentence_type": "compensation_only",
 "sentence_max_years": null,
 "compensation_inr": 400000,
 "force": "state_police",
 "primary_source_url": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1312117/",
 "secondary_sources": [
  "https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/5609ad8de4b0149711411aa9",
  "https://data.ensaaf.org/static/files/saini/pdf/Vinod_Kumar_S_O_Rattan_Singh_vs_State_Of_Punjab_on_14_September,_1995.pdf"
 ],
 "summary": "The Punjab and Haryana High Court acted on the CBI report establishing on circumstantial evidence that SSP Ludhiana Sumedh Saini, an SP and two SHOs caused the disappearance of businessman [name withheld], his brother-in-law and his driver after they left for Ludhiana on 15 March 1994 following a High Court appearance. The Court directed the CBI challan to be filed before the CJM Ambala for fair trial and ordered Rs 2 lakh interim ex gratia each to the wives and children of a Ludhiana man and a Ludhiana man Suo motu contempt against two officers was discharged with observations kept off the criminal trial's merits. The Supreme Court in 2000 recast only the sanction direction as a duty to consider, leaving interim relief undisturbed. Matters not addressed in the cited judgment text are not recorded here.",
 "summary_verified": "The Punjab and Haryana High Court acted on the CBI report establishing on circumstantial evidence that SSP Ludhiana Sumedh Saini, an SP and two SHOs caused the disappearance of businessman [name withheld], his brother-in-law and his driver after they left for Ludhiana on 15 March 1994 following a High Court appearance. The Court directed the CBI challan to be filed before the CJM Ambala for fair trial and ordered Rs 2 lakh interim ex gratia each to the wives and children of a Ludhiana man and a Ludhiana man Suo motu contempt against two officers was discharged with observations kept off the criminal trial's merits. The Supreme Court in 2000 recast only the sanction direction as a duty to consider, leaving interim relief undisturbed.",
 "court_quote": "In the light of the circumstantial evidence on record, it is established that Shri [name withheld], the then SSP Ludhiana, Shri [name withheld], SP, [name withheld] SHO PS Kotwali and [name withheld], SHO, P. S. Focal Point are responsible for causing the disappearance of a Ludhiana man, a Ludhiana man and a Ludhiana man",
 "court_quote_para": "17 (CBI report para 91)",
 "confidence": "high",
 "verdict": "accept",
 "verdict_note": "P&H HC relied on CBI report fixing SSP/SP/SHOs; Rs 2L ex gratia per family; SC (2000) only recast sanction direction.",
 "verification_status": "V2",
 "verification_badge": "V2 · Externally reported",
 "tier_badge": "Externally reported",
 "tier": "Tier A — Externally reported or officially recorded",
 "tier_history": [
  "Tier A — Externally reported or officially recorded"
 ],
 "allegations": [
  {
   "category": "Other",
   "primary": true,
   "position": "Material fact supported",
   "position_explainer": "Reliable material supports a specifically documented fact relevant to that allegation, not necessarily the full allegation, causation, intent, unlawfulness, or responsibility.",
   "official_finding_relation": "supports allegation"
  }
 ],
 "institutional_response": [
  {
   "date": "1995-09-14",
   "action_type": "Order issued",
   "status": "Concluded",
   "authority": "Punjab and Haryana High Court",
   "independence": "External",
   "legal_effect": "Binding",
   "description": "The Punjab and Haryana High Court recorded adverse findings against police personnel and ordered Rs 400,000.",
   "disposition": "Compensation ordered · Supports allegation (for the compensated wrong only)",
   "source": "1996 CriLJ 1037",
   "recheck": "Not yet re-checked."
  }
 ],
 "later_proceedings": [],
 "final_outcome_url": null,
 "followup_history": [
  {
   "date": "2026-09-19",
   "scope": "Round-8 full re-verification: published record re-checked against the judgment text (outcome, officers, quote, key facts) plus methodology-compliance pass",
   "method": "skills-guided adversarial re-verification of the published record against the judgment text (reverify/t1-*/adversarial-8.jsonl)",
   "result": "holds",
   "corrections_applied": []
  }
 ],
 "followup_status": "checked",
 "last_checked": "2026-09-19",
 "link_checked_per_url": [
  {
   "url": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1312117/",
   "link_checked": null
  },
  {
   "url": "https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/5609ad8de4b0149711411aa9",
   "link_checked": null
  },
  {
   "url": "https://data.ensaaf.org/static/files/saini/pdf/Vinod_Kumar_S_O_Rattan_Singh_vs_State_Of_Punjab_on_14_September,_1995.pdf",
   "link_checked": null
  }
 ],
 "source_assessment": {
  "established": null,
  "basis": null
 },
 "v3_basis": null,
 "publication_basis": null,
 "reviews": [],
 "retracted": {
  "is_retracted": false
 },
 "fidelity_checked": true,
 "verified_by": [
  "chunk-40"
 ],
 "merged_case_id": "SWENFORC-009",
 "officers_named_public": 0,
 "record_flag": null,
 "service": "police",
 "watch": "babuwatch"
}