{
 "record_id": "CW-1996-0003",
 "status": "current",
 "merged_id": "CWC-0774",
 "alias_merged_ids": [
  "CWC-0304"
 ],
 "display_title": "Ropar Man vs State of Punjab and others",
 "display_title_redacted": "Ropar Man vs State of Punjab and others",
 "state": "Punjab",
 "district": "Rupnagar",
 "district_at_time": "Ropar",
 "city_town": "Ropar",
 "police_station_or_unit": "Police Station City Ropar / Police Station Sadar Ropar",
 "court": "Supreme Court of India",
 "court_as_verified": "Supreme Court of India",
 "bench": null,
 "case_title": "Ropar Man vs State of Punjab and others",
 "case_number": null,
 "citation": "1996 SCC (4) 742; 1996 SCALE (4) 416",
 "judges": [
  "Kuldip Singh",
  "Faizan Uddin"
 ],
 "judgment_date": "1996-05-10",
 "date_precision": "day",
 "judgment_year": 1996,
 "incident_date": "1993-01-25",
 "incident_year": 1993,
 "category": "Other",
 "admin_category": "brutality",
 "admin_subcategory": "enforced_disappearance",
 "subcategory": "enforced_disappearance",
 "subcategory_display": "enforced disappearance",
 "protest_override_heuristic": false,
 "outcome_type": "adverse_finding_compensation",
 "sections": [
  "IPC 364",
  "IPC 302",
  "IPC 201",
  "IPC 193",
  "IPC 194",
  "IPC 211",
  "IPC 218"
 ],
 "officers": [
  {
   "name": null,
   "rank": "Sub-Inspector",
   "role": "held_liable",
   "unit": "Ropar Police, Punjab Police",
   "publish_grade": "unnamed",
   "gate_reasons": [
    "ledger:no_row",
    "key2:no_row"
   ],
   "ledger_role": null,
   "key2": null,
   "key2_agy": null,
   "key2_claude": null,
   "key2_union": null,
   "key2_gemapi": null,
   "key2_openrouter": null,
   "key2_gpt56": null,
   "grok": null,
   "jev_risk": null,
   "jev_p_culpable": null,
   "key2_gpt": null,
   "later_outcome": null,
   "name_public": null,
   "display": "Sub-Inspector, Ropar Police, Punjab Police"
  },
  {
   "name": null,
   "rank": "Assistant Sub-Inspector",
   "role": "held_liable",
   "unit": "Ropar Police, Punjab Police",
   "publish_grade": "unnamed",
   "gate_reasons": [
    "ledger:no_row",
    "key2:no_row"
   ],
   "ledger_role": null,
   "key2": null,
   "key2_agy": null,
   "key2_claude": null,
   "key2_union": null,
   "key2_gemapi": null,
   "key2_openrouter": null,
   "key2_gpt56": null,
   "grok": null,
   "jev_risk": null,
   "jev_p_culpable": null,
   "key2_gpt": null,
   "later_outcome": null,
   "name_public": null,
   "display": "Assistant Sub-Inspector, Ropar Police, Punjab Police"
  },
  {
   "name": null,
   "rank": "Inspector",
   "role": "held_liable",
   "unit": "Ropar Police, Punjab Police",
   "publish_grade": "unnamed",
   "gate_reasons": [
    "ledger:no_row",
    "key2:no_row"
   ],
   "ledger_role": null,
   "key2": null,
   "key2_agy": null,
   "key2_claude": null,
   "key2_union": null,
   "key2_gemapi": null,
   "key2_openrouter": null,
   "key2_gpt56": null,
   "grok": null,
   "jev_risk": null,
   "jev_p_culpable": null,
   "key2_gpt": null,
   "later_outcome": null,
   "name_public": null,
   "display": "Inspector, Ropar Police, Punjab Police"
  },
  {
   "name": null,
   "rank": "Deputy Superintendent of Police",
   "role": "held_liable",
   "unit": "Punjab Police",
   "publish_grade": "unnamed",
   "gate_reasons": [
    "ledger:no_row",
    "key2:no_row"
   ],
   "ledger_role": null,
   "key2": null,
   "key2_agy": null,
   "key2_claude": null,
   "key2_union": null,
   "key2_gemapi": null,
   "key2_openrouter": null,
   "key2_gpt56": null,
   "grok": null,
   "jev_risk": null,
   "jev_p_culpable": null,
   "key2_gpt": null,
   "later_outcome": null,
   "name_public": null,
   "display": "Deputy Superintendent of Police, Punjab Police"
  },
  {
   "name": null,
   "rank": "Deputy Inspector General",
   "role": "held_liable",
   "unit": "Punjab Police",
   "publish_grade": "unnamed",
   "gate_reasons": [
    "ledger:no_row",
    "key2:no_row"
   ],
   "ledger_role": null,
   "key2": null,
   "key2_agy": null,
   "key2_claude": null,
   "key2_union": null,
   "key2_gemapi": null,
   "key2_openrouter": null,
   "key2_gpt56": null,
   "grok": null,
   "jev_risk": null,
   "jev_p_culpable": null,
   "key2_gpt": null,
   "later_outcome": null,
   "name_public": null,
   "display": "Deputy Inspector General, Punjab Police"
  }
 ],
 "officer_count": 5,
 "victims": [
  {
   "age": null,
   "gender": "male",
   "descriptor": "Ropar man",
   "name": null
  },
  {
   "age": null,
   "gender": "female",
   "descriptor": "Ropar woman",
   "name": null
  },
  {
   "age": 2,
   "gender": null,
   "descriptor": "Ropar youngster, age 2",
   "name": null
  },
  {
   "age": null,
   "gender": "male",
   "descriptor": "Ropar man",
   "name": null
  }
 ],
 "victims_redacted": [
  {
   "age": null,
   "gender": "male",
   "descriptor": "a man"
  },
  {
   "age": null,
   "gender": "female",
   "descriptor": null
  },
  {
   "age": 2,
   "gender": null,
   "descriptor": null
  },
  {
   "age": null,
   "gender": "male",
   "descriptor": "a man"
  }
 ],
 "anonymised": true,
 "victim_count": 4,
 "sentence_type": "compensation_only",
 "sentence_max_years": null,
 "compensation_inr": 1200000,
 "force": "state_police",
 "primary_source_url": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1512669/",
 "secondary_sources": [
  "https://lawsathi.in/judgements/pdf/sc/1996/en/S_1996_2_787_795_EN.pdf",
  "https://www.courtkutchehry.com/judgements/680504/punjab-and-haryana-high-court-bar-association-appellant-hash-state-of-punjab-and-others-responde/",
  "https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/5609ad08e4b014971141052b"
 ],
 "summary": "Advocate a man, his wife and two-year-old child vanished after driving to PS City Ropar on 25 January 1993 and were never found; Ropar police instead built the murder case against a man, who agreed under police pressure to own the killings to save his life. The CBI report commissioned by the Supreme Court proved beyond reasonable doubt that a man's confession was falsely recorded and the Bhakra Canal car recovery falsely shown, naming an SI, ASI, Inspector and DSP prima facie responsible for false implication under Sections 194, 211 and 218 IPC and indicting a DIG for lack of supervision. The Supreme Court ordered a man's immediate release with Rs. 2,00,000 compensation (recoverable from the officers personally on conviction) and Rs. 10,00,000 to the advocate's parents. It transferred the trial to Chandigarh, ordered sanction decisions within a month, suspension of the officers during trial, and left the abduction and murder charge to the trial court. Matters not addressed in the cited judgment text are not recorded here.",
 "summary_verified": "Advocate Kulwant Singh, his wife and two-year-old child vanished after driving to PS City Ropar on 25 January 1993 and were never found; Ropar police instead built the murder case against Harpreet Singh @ Lucky, who agreed under police pressure to own the killings to save his life. The CBI report commissioned by the Supreme Court proved beyond reasonable doubt that Lucky's confession was falsely recorded and the Bhakra Canal car recovery falsely shown, naming an SI, ASI, Inspector and DSP prima facie responsible for false implication under Sections 194, 211 and 218 IPC and indicting a DIG for lack of supervision. The Supreme Court ordered Lucky's immediate release with Rs. 2,00,000 compensation (recoverable from the officers personally on conviction) and Rs. 10,00,000 to the advocate's parents. It transferred the trial to Chandigarh, ordered sanction decisions within a month, suspension of the officers during trial, and left the abduction and murder charge to the trial court.",
 "court_quote": "The abduction and murder of [a man] and his family was the most heinous crime against humanity.",
 "court_quote_para": "2",
 "confidence": "high",
 "verdict": "accept",
 "verdict_note": "SC held Ropar police falsely implicated Harpreet Singh (false confession, false recovery), ordering release, Rs 2 lakh to him and Rs 10 lakh to advocate's parents.",
 "verification_status": "V2",
 "verification_badge": "V2 · Externally reported",
 "tier_badge": "Externally reported",
 "tier": "Tier A — Externally reported or officially recorded",
 "tier_history": [
  "Tier A — Externally reported or officially recorded"
 ],
 "allegations": [
  {
   "category": "Other",
   "primary": true,
   "position": "Material fact supported",
   "position_explainer": "Reliable material supports a specifically documented fact relevant to that allegation, not necessarily the full allegation, causation, intent, unlawfulness, or responsibility.",
   "official_finding_relation": "supports allegation"
  }
 ],
 "institutional_response": [
  {
   "date": "1996-05-10",
   "action_type": "Order issued",
   "status": "Concluded",
   "authority": "Supreme Court of India",
   "independence": "External",
   "legal_effect": "Binding",
   "description": "The Supreme Court of India recorded adverse findings against police personnel and ordered Rs 1,200,000.",
   "disposition": "Compensation ordered · Supports allegation (for the compensated wrong only)",
   "source": "1996 SCC (4) 742; 1996 SCALE (4) 416",
   "recheck": "Not yet re-checked."
  }
 ],
 "later_proceedings": [],
 "final_outcome_url": null,
 "followup_history": [
  {
   "date": "2026-09-19",
   "scope": "Round-8 full re-verification: published record re-checked against the judgment text (outcome, officers, quote, key facts) plus methodology-compliance pass",
   "method": "skills-guided adversarial re-verification of the published record against the judgment text (reverify/t1-*/adversarial-8.jsonl)",
   "result": "holds",
   "corrections_applied": []
  }
 ],
 "followup_status": "checked",
 "last_checked": "2026-09-19",
 "link_checked_per_url": [
  {
   "url": "https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1512669/",
   "link_checked": null
  },
  {
   "url": "https://lawsathi.in/judgements/pdf/sc/1996/en/S_1996_2_787_795_EN.pdf",
   "link_checked": null
  },
  {
   "url": "https://www.courtkutchehry.com/judgements/680504/punjab-and-haryana-high-court-bar-association-appellant-hash-state-of-punjab-and-others-responde/",
   "link_checked": null
  },
  {
   "url": "https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/5609ad08e4b014971141052b",
   "link_checked": null
  }
 ],
 "source_assessment": {
  "established": null,
  "basis": null
 },
 "v3_basis": null,
 "publication_basis": null,
 "reviews": [],
 "retracted": {
  "is_retracted": false
 },
 "fidelity_checked": true,
 "verified_by": [
  "chunk-10",
  "chunk-33",
  "chunk-r07"
 ],
 "merged_case_id": "NORTH-005",
 "officers_named_public": 0,
 "record_flag": null,
 "service": "police",
 "watch": "babuwatch"
}